Poor air quality across Indian cities threatens the health of millions, and pollution levels have remained at dangerous levels throughout the last decade. To address the urban air quality crisis, officials have targeted motor vehicles, a major source of pollution in urban areas.

This study investigates consumer incentives for electric vehicles (EVs), including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), in the five largest EV markets in Europe: Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Norway.

This study looks into two key types of non-road mobile sources: agricultural tractors and construction equipment. Agricultural tractors are widely used in rural areas, and often operate beyond their designated tasks, serving as alternative transportation for passengers and goods.