This working paper presents a mapping of Bilateral Finance Institutions

The private sector is already an important source of climate finance. Multilateral and bilateral development banks, for instance, issue generic bonds as a means of raising private finance from capital markets, some of which is then used to support projects that deliver climate change outcomes. However, the major focus of the private sector to date has been on supporting mitigation activities.

Adopted at the thirteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP 13) in December 2007, the Bali Action Plan (BAP) raised the political status of adaptation and opened discussions on international adaptation finance.

This report identifies areas of potential collaboration between the EU and India that could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The EU-India Summit in November 2009 will be a

Over the past two decades the issue of air pollution in the
Kathmandu Valley has become of increasing concern as
concentrations of ambient air pollution exceed international
air quality guidelines and standards. The steady growth in
road traffic has resulted in the increasing contribution of
vehicle emissions to urban air pollution, especially particulate

Solutions to contemporary environmental challenges will require dialogue and learning among stakeholders with different perspectives. Moreover, enhancing the potential for social learning can be seen as a strategy for meeting the inherent complexity and uncertainty on global change.

Protocols are the foundation of an offset program. By defining eligibility requirements and the quantification of the quantity of offsets generated, protocols will drive the development of emission reduction and sequestration projects. By assuring quality standards for offsets, protocols are also central to the credibility of offset markets. This report examines U.S.

The interaction of climate and development threatens to create a paradox: economic development could accelerate climate change, which in turn could block further development, locking the world into existing patterns of inequality as the natural environment deteriorates. The solution to this paradox is far from obvious.

International cooperation is a cornerstone of efforts to combat climate change. The achievement of global climate change mitigation goals will require significant investment in emissions reduction in developing countries. International cooperation will be essential in providing the needed finance, capacity building, and technology transfer and development.

The transition to a climate-constrained world is occurring at a time when nearly half of the world