Antimicrobial resistance profiles and presence of resistance determinants and integrons were evaluated in Salmonellaenterica strains from Brazilian poultry. The analysis of 203 isolates showed that those from the poultry environment (88 isolates) were significantly more resistant to antimicrobials than isolates from other sources, particularly those isolated from poultry by-product meal (106 isolates). Thirty-seven isolates were resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes.

The effect of the immunomodulator Natstim ® (lyophilised killed bacterial cells from Escherichia coli 29, Escherichia coli J5, Staphylococus aureus 27/58 at amounts corresponding to 10 10 cells of each species, stabilized with Dextrane 40) on growth performance and two factors of natural humoral immunity serum lysozyme concentrations and the activity of the alternative pathway of complement activation (APCA) was investigated. The results for the experimental group showed a tendency towards higher live weight at 35 and 49 days of age.

The rapid transformation of the livestock sector in recent decades brought concerns on its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, disruptions to nitrogen and phosphorous cycles and on land use change, particularly deforestation for production of feed crops. Animal and human health are increasingly interlinked through emerging infectious diseases, zoonoses, and antimicrobial resistance. In many developing countries, the rapidity of change has also had social impacts with increased risk of marginalisation of smallholder farmers.