The maritime trade of Orissa with transoceanic countries is evident from the early historical period onwards. It has been observed that new ports were set up after the decline of old ports in the nearby vicinity; however, information on the decline of ancient ports is very sparse. The archival

Md Nadiruzzaman argues that we need to learn more from past experience of the impact of natural hazards if we are to deal effectively with these events in the future.

Luong Quang Huy describes a participatory research approach designed to empower local communities in adapting to socio-economic trends and climate change. The project resulted in a framework that encouraged local communities to use reflexively what they already have, such as their knowledge and connections, and to apply critical thinking on a daily basis.

Beaches along most of the shorelines of the world, exhibit variations in their geometric form over different time scales in response to the prevailing dynamic forces due to waves, tides and associated currents. The periods and intensity of erosion and accretion alternate over time and are generally coupled to nearshore wave conditions. The nearshore parameters, viz. wave runup, wave setup and wave energy, have been evaluated during storm and normal conditions of SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (November-February) by empirical parameterization along the Visakhapatnam coast.

It is a well-known fact that the frequency of cyclones is 3

Transient eddies in the extratropical storm tracks are a primary mechanism for the transport of momentum, energy, and water in the atmosphere, and as such are a major component of the climate system. Changes in the extratropical storm tracks under global warming would impact these transports, the ocean circulation and carbon cycle, and society through changing weather patterns.