This paper describes a method for estimating future frequencies of climate hazards that are specifically relevant for decision-making in public health, infrastructure, agriculture, disaster mitigation, and climate adaptation.

This policy report explores avenues to strengthen the resilience to growing climate risks and environmental degradation for people living in places affected by conflict and violence, based on case studies conducted in the Gaza Strip, northern Mozambique and eastern Niger, and drawing on the expertise of the International Committee of the Red Cro

The current climate adaptation paradigm focuses overwhelmingly on states, neglecting conflict areas, which are among the worst impacted by climate change and the least prepared to adapt.

Through 14 case studies from climate-hit communities in Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands, this multi-author resource reveals the true impact of ‘non-economic loss and damage’. Unlike the destruction of infrastructure or assets, these harms cannot be easily quantified and are often overlooked.

In 2023, temperature records toppled, while storms, floods, droughts and heatwaves caused devastation. UNEP’s Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced.