Because of deteriorating climatic conditions, Uttar Pradesh is susceptible to a number of natural calamities. The state has suffered both droughts its in areas where water shortage is severe due to depleted aquifers and flash floods from the Ganges.

Weather and climate hazards have compounded concerns over food security, population displacements, and impacts on vulnerable populations in 2023, according to the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) State of the Global Climate 2023.

Estimate a bilateral gravity equation for emigration rates controlling for decadal weather averages of temperature, precipitation, droughts, and extreme precipitation in origin countries.

Current trends and future climate projections for India indicate an escalation in the intensity, frequency, and duration of heat waves. Coastal cities like Thane face additional risks, with compounding factors such as humidity and urban heat islands. The interaction of these elements can elevate felt temperatures by 3-4 degrees Celsius.