Bioremediation is an invaluable tool box for wider application in the realm of environmental protection. Bioremediation approach is currently applied
to contain contaminants in soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediments including air. These technologies have become attractive alternatives to
conventional cleanup technologies due to relatively low capital costs and their inherently aesthetic nature. This document provides a state-of-the-art report on existing knowledge for the benefit of regulators, who evaluate the quality of environment and for practitioners, who have to implement and evaluate remediation alternatives at a given contaminated site. This report is expected to provide basic understanding of the bioremediation mechanisms to the reader.