The world’s existing electricity systems were designed mainly for conventional, centralised power generation. Large plants have generated the bulk of electricity, frequently based on fossil fuels, and dispatched it to consumers based on relatively inflexible schedules. This prevalent system structure requires fundamental changes to accommodate the reduction of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions, the rise of decentralised power generation, and increased reliance on variable sources such as solar and wind power. However, misalignments between old and new system design can hinder the transition. This report from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) examines the main misalignments between current structures, supporting policies to scale up renewables, and the essentially different requirements of a renewable-based power system. Outdated system design can constrain flexibility, limit the supply of renewable power, increase electricity costs and reinforce social inequalities, the report finds.
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