In Nasik, large-scale cooperatives were formed with the support of the irrigation department in 1989. Work began in Ozhar in June 1990 at the behest of the late Bapu Upadhyay after the irrigation network was completed in 1983. Upadhyay, a freedom fighter, and Bharat Kavale formed the Samaj Parivarthan Kendra (spk) that housed three water users' associations (wuas)