District heating systems have been built to run at high temperatures to meet the demands of poorly insulated buildings. In most cases, this necessitates the use of fossil fuels. However, technology innovation, digitalisation and current trends towards more energy-efficient buildings may enable the broader deployment of clean energy technologies – such as low-temperature geothermal, solar thermal, or energy from water bodies or low-temperature waste heat sources – in the new generation of district energy systems. These sources are widely available at the local level in many regions. Still, they remain largely untapped because they are not immediately compatible with current district energy infrastructure and existing building stock. This guidebook by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Aalborg University (AAU) provides information for policy makers and examples of available tools and solutions to facilitate the use of low-temperature renewable heat sources in new and existing district energy systems. An overview of applications and enabling technologies for district heating and cooling utilising low-temperature renewable energy is also presented.
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