This brief examines policy options for addressing competitiveness concerns arising from the establishment of a mandatory domestic program to limit greenhouse gas emissions. These concerns center on energy-intensive industries that compete globally and could face higher costs under a domestic climate program while key competitors do not. Studies find little evidence of significant competitiveness impacts on U.S. firms from past environmental regulation, and forecast relatively modest impacts on a narrow set of industries under a U.S. cap-and-trade program with modest
emission allowance prices.