Coarse resolution palaeoclimate proxy evidence has suggested that the Pliocene warm period (PWP) between 3 million and 5 million years ago was characterized by permanent El Niño conditions in which the equatorial Pacific was uniformly warm, instead of having the modern-day 'cold tongue' extending westward from South America.
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Links:
[1] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/feature-article/permanent-el-nio-during-pliocene-warm-period-not-supported-coral-evidence
[2] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/author/tsuyoshi-watanabe
[3] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/author/atsushi-suzuki
[4] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/author/shoshiro-minobe-et-al
[5] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/journal/nature
[6] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/el-nino
[7] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/global-warming
[8] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change
[9] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-science
[10] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/corals
[11] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/south-pacific-ocean
[12] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/carbon-dioxide
