The Census of India has recently published Provisional Population Totals, Paper - II of 2011: India, Volume-II. Based on this, TCPO has prepared a report which analyzes the pattern of urbanization, number of towns, state-wise and district-wise urban population. As at present, the data is available only for Class-I towns, the report will be updated when the Census of India releases the figures for the remaining classes.
Links:
[1] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/reports-documents/census-india-2011-provisional-population-totals-papers-ii-data-highlights-urban
[2] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/publisher/ministry-urban-development
[3] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/population
[4] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/census-2011
[5] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/india
[6] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/urbanisation
[7] http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/population-trends