India’s transportation sector is expected to expand rapidly due to rising incomes and increasing urbanization, and the government is keen to electrify transportation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. India has set a national goal of 30% battery electric vehicle (BEV) sales by 2030 and fleet-average carbon dioxide (CO2) emission standards are effective in supporting the adoption of BEVs in passenger car fleets. This study evaluates how prospective phase 3 fuel consumption standards for the passenger car segment in India could help meet the 30% target. Evaluated CO2- reducing internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) technologies and compared the direct manufacturing costs (DMC) of BEVs with the DMCs of improved ICEVs for a variety of vehicle classes. The results can guide regulators to propose phase 3 fuel consumption standards for passenger cars.
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