As a major global economic driving force, the transport sector –and in particular the automotive sector– has provided employment and shaped technological progress over the course of a century. This is true for Germany as much as it is for China. Daunting climate and environmental concerns have cast a large shadow on this development. The tangible negative impacts of transport such as air pollution, accidents, noise and congestion are more than a nuisance to residents living, working or visiting in Chinas’ megacities, along Chinas’ coastlines and waterways. A less perceptible, yet significant impact is the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from internal combustion engines burning fossil fuels. The associated negative social, environmental and climatic impacts pose a dilemma for policy makers worldwide. Energy security, climate protection and air quality have to be taken into account as much as economic efficiency, growth and acceptance. Accordingly, the purpose of practical transport policy is to facilitate mobility and to ensure that it is environmentally, economically and socially sustainable. This report summarises the research conducted by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI). The project called “Energising Transport and Mobility in China” has been implemented in cooperation with the Ministry of Transport (MoT) of the People’s Republic of China and its think-tank the Transport Planning and Research Institute (TPRI). The purpose of the project was to identify the current development trends, barriers and prospects of key segments of a MFS in China with a focus on transport demand, fuels and drive system alternatives.