1919: Afghanistan becomes independent from the British

1920: Amir Amanullah Khan takes over in 1923-29. Imposition of central rule fails due to protests by tribal factions. Khan flees the country.

1930: Mohammad Zahir Shah begins a 40-year reign as king. There is less interference in local groups' functioning. Agriculture is at its best during this period.

1950: Cold War games begin in 1953 when prime minister General Mohammed Daoud signs a pact with USSR for economic and military aid. Centralised planning starts in 1956