Numerous studies have examined associations between air pollution and pregnancy outcomes but most have been restricted to urban populations living near monitors. The objective of the study was to examine the association between pregnancy outcomes and fine particulate matter in a large national study including urban and rural areas.

Countries worldwide are expending significant resources to improve air quality partly to improve the health of their citizens. Are these societal expenditures improving public health? The objective of this study was to consider these issues by tracking the risk of death associated with outdoor air
pollution over both space and time in Canadian cities.