The presence of hydrocarbons, dense non-aqueous phase liquids, heavy metals and radioactive wastes in soil and ground water represents a serious threat to health and safety. Detecting and delineating these contaminants in the subsurface is a challenging task. Traditional site characterization methods involving drilling and sampling (soil, groundwater, and soil gas), followed by laboratory analysis are timeconsuming, laborious, expensive and expose personnel to contaminated media.