After a six-year-long battle India has finally managed to see a patent application filed for an extract of the neem tree be rejected in a European court. The decision by the European Patent Office invalidated a patent granted jointly to the us department of agriculture ( usda ) and the chemicals major wr Grace on a fungicide formulation from neem seeds. The fact that the patent was rejected in Europe is indeed heartening. It is also important to note in this case that it was members of the civil society, not the government that contested the us claim.

There is a school of thought that feels it is vital to document all traditional knowledge in the country. Which will make it easier to fight patents. But to protect our biodiversity it would be more productive if we thought in terms of providing compensation to our poor for the use of their knowledge. The best way to do this is to push for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity ( cbd ) both at the national and international level. The final text of cbd lays down three objectives. Conservation of biodiversity, its sustainable use and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits. Community rights over the local biodiversity are recognised and signatory countries are expected to set up a system of benefit sharing to compensate communities for the use of bioresources and related knowledge by national or multinational companies.

The us is yet to ratify the cbd . And while developing countries have realised that there is a need to ensure national sovereignty over their biodiversity they are yet to give the local communities rights over these natural resources. This threatens to endanger plans to conserve the plant and animal biodiversity. Conservation plans can only be successful if the South prioritises the process of actually bringing biodiversity under the management of local communities by giving them ownership over it.

Another strange thing about cosmology, as we understand it today, is that the curvature is intimately linked with the fate of the universe. If the universe is curved positively, that is, in some senses like a sphere (in 4 dimensions) then present theories imply that it contains enough mass to halt the expansion of the universe and force it to contract. Such a universe will ultimately implode to a crunch. A flat universe on the other hand has no such end. Of course, the crunch, even if it comes will occur in billions of years!

To study the curvature of space is very difficult. The fundamental reason being that to really explore the large-scale structure of our universe we need accurate measurements of regions very distant from the earth. This is in general very difficult. Nevertheless, there have been some attempts by astronomers to get information regarding the curvature by using various tools like supernovae explosions and gravitational lenses. The current measurements are of the microwave radiation that bathes our universe and is supposed to be a remnant of very early times.

The early universe was very hot and contained protons and electrons which were densely packed and had too much energy to form any stable structures like hydrogen. The radiation energy was trapped inside such a sea, bouncing off the charged particles. As the universe expanded, it cooled. When it was about 300,000 years old, the protons and electrons cooled down enough to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Once this happened, the radiation energy escaped and has been cooling since. This remnant energy is in the microwave part of the spectrum and was first discovered in the mid-sixties by accident at the Bell Laboratories by Penzias and Wilson. The temperature of this radiation is 3