Arsenic  values  in  groundwater  above  the  maximum  permissible  limit  of  0.05  mg/l  (Indian standards)  have  been  reported  from  Bhagirathi­Hooghly  flood plain  region  of  West Bengal.

Markov chains have been used to model spatial changes in a variety of spheres. Changes in social situations, economic standards, natural resource availability, and even weather conditions have been explored and predicted using Markov Random Function (MRF) and Markov Random Chains (MRC).