In the summer of 2010, most of the European part of Russia suffered a heat wave that was unprecedented both in strength and duration, which led to 55,000 excess deaths during this period. In Moscow alone, an estimated 10,900 excess deaths from non-accidental causes occurred during the 44-day heat wave and a shorter smog episode caused by wildfires around the city. Although the short-term forward mortality displacement (typically within 15 or 30 days after heat stress) has been well described, there are few publications on long-term health consequences of heat waves.