The marine realm represents 70% of the surface of the biosphere and contains a rich variety of organisms, including more than 34 of the 36
living phyla, some of which are only found in the oceans. The number of marine species used by humans is growing at unprecedented rates,
including the rapid domestication of marine species for aquaculture and the discovery of natural products and genes of medical and
biotechnological interest in marine biota. The rapid growth in the human appropriation of marine genetic resources (MGRs), with over
18,000 natural products and 4,900 patents associated with genes of marine organisms, with the latter growing at 12% per year,
demonstrates that the use of MGRs is no longer a vision but a growing source of biotechnological and business opportunities. The
diversification of the use of marine living resources by humans calls for an urgent revision of the goals and policies of marine protected
areas, to include the protection of MGRs and address emerging issues like biopiracy or benefit sharing.