To assess the sustainability and resilience of the Indian health system, PHSSR and the Observer Research Foundation conducted research across the seven key domains, with a particular focus on how the health system responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. The report provides preliminary recommendations for the improvement of the sustainability and resilience of the health care system in each domain. It also includes two case studies, examining milestone initiatives in India’s journey to universal health coverage: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) and Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).