Decentralised renewable energy solutions linked to livelihoods is an important step in maximising the benefits of energy access for socio-economic development. Renewables offer the opportunity to translate investments in electricity connections and kilowatt-hours into higher incomes for communities and enterprises, local jobs, greater adaptive capacity and overall well-being. Achieving this transformative change requires greater efforts than simply deploying decentralised systems. It requires investing in an ‘ecosystem’ that positions the diversity of people’s livelihoods at the centre of energy access efforts and delivers tailored energy solutions, the financing, capacity and skills, market access and policy support to realise the full benefits of energy access. This brief jointly developed by IRENA and SELCO Foundation discusses how energy access programmes and initiatives are tackling the various ecosystem components to sustain and strengthen existing livelihood activities or facilitate new ones.