This report seeks to build resilience in fragile situations in Africa by charting a course toward a more effective and conflict-sensitive natural resource management. It identifies key challenges and approaches to natural resource management relevant to all states seeking to transition from fragility (including conflicts, natural disasters and/or epidemics) towards resilience. It emphasises core principles that are particularly important where weak governance, lack of capacity, and other challenges require more focused attention beyond what is needed in other developing country contexts. The report builds on many innovative Bank projects and experiences by regional member countries and other development partners. It is the product of extensive consultations with Bank staff, officials from countries experiencing fragile situations in Africa, representatives from development partners, and stakeholders from civil society and the private sector.