The high fluoride level in drinking water sources in many parts of India and its impact on human health has increased the importance of defluoridation studies. Several individual studies have been conducted using different defluoridation techniques; but the number of comparative studies is less in literature.

The septic tank is commonly accepted as sewage treatment unit in isolated areas even if its performance is not consistent. The methods employed for disposal of such effluent are unsafe and needs careful attention to avoid risk to the public health. Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems (CWTS) have been used extensively now-a-days in some parts of the world for wastewater treatment.

Constructed wetlands (CW) are being increasingly used worldwide to treat domestic wastewater by applying various technological designs. The systems are preferentially used due to simple technology in principle, reliable operating conditions and the potential to remove total nitrogen by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Oct-Dec 2007