This study sets out the importance of analysing a specific situation in order to develop a holistic strategy of interventions which will be appropriate to the vectors
and the local conditions. The strategies proposed recognise the importance of community participation, health education, surveillance, improving public health systems, decentralization of malaria control implementation, local capacity building,
income generation, involvement of civil society organisations, support of local research, intersectional and regional cooperation. The study presents examples of successful interventions that do not depend on pesticides. The Zambian and Mexican experience demonstrates how environmental management strategies can be successful. Pilot projects in rural and
urban sites in Kenya and Sri Lanka demonstrate success with bioenvironmental malaria control. Programmes in Vietnam and Mexico show that it is possible to phase out dependence on DDT, reduce reliance on pesticides and bring down malaria rates