The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has published a report on incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This report is the final output of the third international workshop on incentive measures held in Paris, France, from 6-8 October 2009. The report was reviewed by the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the CBD, which welcomed the work of the workshop and invited parties and other governments to take it into consideration in their work on incentive measures, bearing in mind that the possible impacts of incentive measures can vary from country to country, in accordance with national circumstances. The report provides concise key observations as well as critical conclusions and consolidated lessons learned on: identifying incentives with harmful effects for biodiversity; removing or mitigating those incentives; and promoting positive incentive measures. It also presents case studies, including good practice cases, from different regions.