This study examines what India’s transport energy use and associated carbon emissions will look like in a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario over the next 30 years. It indicates that India’s transport sector will witness deep structural changes, driven by market forces, in the next couple of decades. Further, it highlights challenges that will arise in decarbonising transport and underlines the role of policymaking in avoiding the pitfalls of unsustainable mobility behaviours driven by higher disposable incomes.