This issue brief examines the urgency to address loss and damage and its associated impacts. It highlights the different perspectives to understand loss and damage and discusses the fundamental gaps and challenges surrounding the issue. Further, the study analyses the latest Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and offers insights about how nations frame the issue of ‘loss and damage’. While nations are not mandated to report on loss and damage under the Paris Agreement, NDCs are an important source for drawing data on countries’ climate change targets and policies.