A central concept in the report is that of the integrated landscape investment portfolio.This is a set of investments across sectors that contribute to landscape-scale objectives as defined through an integrated landscape management (ILM) process. This portfolio approach can address shortcomings of project-based, sector-focused finance, reduce investment risks and costs, increase revenues and improve ecological and social conditions in landscapes. By coordinating investments at a landscape scale, each individual project can achieve a higher rate of return, a lower risk profile, and increased social and ecological benefits.