Birth Rate is a crude measure of fertility of a population and is a crucial determinant of population growth. It gives the number of live births per thousand population in a given region and year. The Birth Rate at all India level has declined drastically over the last five decades from 36.9 in 1971 to 19.3 in 2021. The rural-urban differential has also narrowed over these years. However, the Birth Rate has continued to be higher in rural areas compared to urban areas in the last five decades. Figure-2 below shows the level of estimated Birth Rate for India over the last ten years. Birth Rate has declined by about 11% in the last decade, from 21.6 in 2012 to 19.3 in 2021. The corresponding decline in rural areas is 23.1 to 20.9 (about 10% decline) and for urban areas, it is from 17.4 to 15.9 (about 9% decline). Mortality is one of the basic components of population change and the related data is essential for demographic studies and public health administration. The Death Rate is one of the simplest measures of mortality and is defined as the number of deaths per thousand population in a given region and time period. The Death Rate in India has witnessed a significant decline over the last five decades from 14.9 in 1971 to 6.0 in 2020. However, Death Rate has increased for the year 2021 to 7.5 per thousand population. The Death Rate for rural area has increased from 6.4 in 2020 to 7.9 in 2021. The relative increase in urban area in 2021 is 6.6 from 5.1 in 2020. The following Figure-3 indicates the Death Rate at rural, urban and all India level for the past ten years. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), which is widely accepted as a crude indicator of the overall health scenario of a country or a region, is defined as the infant deaths (less than one year) per thousand live births in a given time period and for a given region. The present level of IMR (27 infant deaths per thousand live births, for the year 2021) is less than one-fourth as compared to 1971 (129 infant deaths per thousand live births). In the last ten years, IMR has witnessed a decline of about 36%. The Figure-4 given below indicates that IMR at all India level has declined from 42 to 27 in the last decade. The corresponding decline in rural areas is 46 to 30, and for urban areas it is from 28 to 18, thereby exhibiting about 35% and 36% decadal decline respectively.