This report looks at the available scientific evidence on global warming and the measures that need to be taken to address climate change. It goes on to explore the current energy context in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, the potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency in South Asia, country initiatives and international support mechanisms that are already in place, barriers to low-carbon transition, and the benefits of low-carbon development. Finally, it proposes the establishment of a ‘leapfrog fund’ from global mitigation finance to support South Asia’s move towards a low-carbon economy and the phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies, which in 2011 were almost seven times higher than support for renewable energy.