This briefing paper reports on the largest energy access survey ever conducted in India, covering a representative sample of the rural poor across six states with interviews in 8,566 households. It adapts the World Bank’s multi-tier framework to measure access to household electricity and clean cooking energy, across a spectrum of tiers and a range of attributes. Its findings reveal poor electricity access and difficulties with affording or being able to get a connection. Uptake of off-grid solutions remains limited; however such solutions provide more reliable, but limited electricity access. In cooking energy access, LPG, though limited to a smaller proportion of the population, is the only clean cooking energy solution that has been taken up by significant numbers. However, the majority of the population remains deprived of access to clean cooking energy.