Mangroves are one of the world’s most productive ecosystems which are at present in it’s threatened state. They provide a wide range of goods and services some of which have a direct value but more often provides many indirect benefits that seem to be hidden.

Carbon taxes have been frequently advocated as a cost-effective instrument for reducing emissions. However, in the practice of environmental policies, only few countries have implemented taxes based on the carbon content of the energy products.

Rivers in Kerala are assailed by pollution, sedimentation, sand mining, and constriction of flows. The indiscriminate and unscientific sand mining, even in the midst of many regulatory and protective measures for their conservation, have made the condition of these rivers pathetic.