Beaches along most of the shorelines of the world, exhibit variations in their geometric form over different time scales in response to the prevailing dynamic forces due to waves, tides and associated currents. The periods and intensity of erosion and accretion alternate over time and are generally coupled to nearshore wave conditions. The nearshore parameters, viz. wave runup, wave setup and wave energy, have been evaluated during storm and normal conditions of SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (November-February) by empirical parameterization along the Visakhapatnam coast.
CPCB has evolved a Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) for 88 study areas with an objective of identifying polluted clusters or areas in order to take concerted action and to centrally monitor them at the national level to improve the current status of their environmental components such as air and water quality, ecological damage and visual environmental conditions.
A study has been carried out by comparing the extreme wind speeds estimated based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for 100 years return period using Fischer Tippet-1 (commonly known as Gumbel) and Weibull distributions for three locations (off Goa, Visakhapatnam and Machilipatnam) in the north Indian Ocean. The wind dataset for Goa is compared with that from ERA-40 data. For higher wind speeds (12–20 m s−1), NCEP wind speed has higher percentage of occurrence than that of ERA-40.
Considering the extent of pollution and the rapid rate of depletion in both the quality and quantity of surface water, man has put his eyes on the groundwater for safe and immediate consumption.
