Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising the question to what extent the risk of these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change.

Himalayan pencil cedar (Juniperus polycarpos) is an evergreen tree distributed from Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kagan valley, Kashmir, Lahaul-Spiti to upper reaches of western Tibet. In the western Himalaya treeline of the Juniperus polycarpos is not well defined because of the topographical barriers and variation in orography.

Human-emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) have resulted in a long-term and unequivocal warming of the planet. More than 90% of the excess heat is stored within the world’s oceans, where it accumulates and causes increases in ocean temperature.

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Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO$_2$ doubling, has been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5‐4.5K. Global climate models (GCMs), which attempt to represent all relevant physical processes, provide the most direct means of estimating climate sensitivity.