One potential impact from greenhouse-gas emissions is increasing damage from extreme events. Here, we quantify how climate
change may affect tropical cyclone damage. We find that future increases in income are likely to double tropical cyclone damage
even without climate change. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of high-intensity storms in selected ocean
basins depending on the climate model. Climate change doubles economic damage, but the result depends on the parameters of

The early Pliocene (5 to 3 million years ago) is the period in the geological past believed to be the closest analogue to contemporary global warming. Palaeoclimate data suggest that there were persistent El Ni