Much has changed since the European Commission published in 2011 “The roadmap for moving to a competitive, low carbon economy in 2050.” The Paris Agreement created a new global framework to address climate change, and many of the assumptions—including technological and scientific ones— on which the 2050 roadmap was built have changed.

The increasingly interconnected nature of the global economy means that the impacts of climate change mitigation measures, or response measures, are not confined within the borders of countries implementing them. Such impacts will become of even more and growing importance under the decentralised and increasingly ambitious new climate regime.