The Second National Communication from Bhutan to the UNFCCC elaborates the actions taken, and needed, to address emissions and adverse impacts of climate change in Bhutan. Greenhouse gas emissions from Bhutan are still a third of what forests sequester, but emissions are growing due to progress in socio-economic development and a growing population. Mitigation measures that are already in place and options for further action are presented in this report. Vulnerability and adaptation assessment in the key sectors of water, agriculture, energy (hydropower), human health, and glaciers, highlight the high degree of vulnerability of the people of Bhutan to climate change. The adaptation actions needed to address the vulnerabilities and impacts have been identified but will require the support of the international community to ensure their implementation.