In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options.

With increasing change of traditional diets and the emergence of new supply and marketing chains, urban food consumers in low-income countries are faced with multiple food safety challenges, among which microbial contamination and pesticides are key concerns for vegetables sold on urban markets in West Africa.

This report provides an overview of global experiences in water reuse.

This paper focuses on the on-farm treatment of waste water, particularly in West Africa, and argues that while although it can hardly replace conventional treatment, it can contribute to risk reduction, especially if combined with other barriers such as safe irrigation practices and post-harvest crop washing.