Sand filters treat most of our drinking water supplies, and they are the most common filtration technologies used for waste water, sewage effluent, and grey water recycling and water treatment in general.

Resulting from the enhanced micro-flocculation effect of ozone the filtration rates can be increased, smaller filtration beds used and even the chemical consumption lowered.

Ultrafiltration is becoming a preferred alternative as pretreatment to sea water reverse osmosis plants delivering superior water quality to reverse osmosis.

Seawater pretreatment is an integral part of every Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant. The key purpose of the pretreatment system is to remove particulates, debris, micro organisms, suspended solids and silt from the source seawater prior to reverse osmosis sepration.

Water is a notoriously scarce resource in northern China, a situation that has forced many industries in the region to turn to desalination for process water. Located in HeBei province close to the Bohai Sea, the WangTan Power Plant has a 2x600MW capacity. The Bohai Sea has high turbidity that fluctuates greatly with wind and tides, which makes the waters extremely challenging to purify.

Deepak Saksena, Country Director, AED (Academy for Educational Development) India, in conversation with Rakesh K. Singh on

Point of use (PSU) reverse osmosis (RO) drinking water systems and point of entry (POE) ion exchange water softeners are two of the most universal water treatment technologies used today for residential and commercial locations. However, these systems have operational characteristics that limit their use if installed in water short regions of the world.

Bacteria, viruses and cysts represent the three types of microbiological contaminants that may be found in water. Following this occurrence pattern, the NSF task group on microbiological standards has proposed a requirement that bacteria reduction claims are accompanied by tested claims of virus reduction and cyst reduction.