Global transportation and fossil fuels are inextricably linked. More than 60% of the 87 million barrels of oil consumed every day powers the world’s transportation system and liquid fossil fuels account for more than 96% of the current energy supply to the transport sector. Even in optimistic scenarios, fossil fuels will remain the primary source of energy in the transport sector for at least the next two decades. Energy usage in the transport sector is expected to grow significantly in the years ahead – the “business as usual” scenario examined in this report suggests that the global transport sector will consume roughly 40% more energy in 2030 than it uses today. Given concerns regarding energy security, CO2 emissions and local air quality, such a trajectory is clearly neither desirable nor socially, economically or environmentally sustainable.