The COVID-19 pandemic is posing unprecedented challenges, making it difficult for policy makers to design appropriate policies.

It is widely accepted that the costs of underpricing energy are large, whether in advanced or developing countries.

Rapid urbanization and economic growth, new demographic trends, and climate change are key challenges that developing countries must face as they strive to meet growing energy demand.

This paper presents new global evidence on the key determinants of public-private partnership investment in electricity generated by fossil fuels and renewable energy based on a panel data analysis for 105 developing countries over a period of 16 years from 1993 to 2008.