Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging public health crisis, particularly in low-and middle-income countries, where knowledge gaps are more dominant. The pandemic has further enhanced AMR with long-term repercussions, exacerbating social vulnerabilities.

Food and nutrition security has regressed in countries of the Global South, necessitating a comprehensive approach to addressing the complex linkages between food and nutrition, and other sectors.

Over the past two years, several academic institutions and think tanks have collaborated on these issues. This effort has resulted in the outline of a framework for a GCA. The GCA initiative builds on existing climate agreements and multiple modelling studies that indicate that net zero is net positive.

The challenges facing contemporary production and consumption patterns are reflected most clearly in the agri-food system, which accounts for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. Technological advances have led to homogenous agricultural landscapes and the standardisation of animal breeds, which places the expansion of farming at risk.

Global production has been linear, following a production-consumption-disposal approach resulting in increasing demand and production of all products, especially plastics.

Extreme weather events and climate change-induced disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity across the globe.

Climate-smart agriculture requires a digital integration of climate and agriculture information. India is digitalising rapidly, and so its policies and practices to achieve climate-smart agriculture must also promote digital integration.

This paper, published by the T20 India Task Force, examines the challenges in mobilising private capital for climate action and proposes solutions to unlock flows at scale. Developing countries need USD one trillion per year in external finance for climate action by 2030.