Ludhiana, in the state of Punjab, houses a prominent cluster of small and medium scale forging units engaged in production of auto and cycle parts, hand tools and other machinery components. There are approximately 200 forging units in and around Ludhiana.

Most of the water for Bangalore is imported by BWSSB from the Cauvery River, which is over 100 kilometers south of the city. The water is drawn from a reservoir near the village of Thorekadanahalli. To meet the increasing demand, the "Cauvery Water Supply Scheme" was undertaken by BWSSB in three stages to supply 540 MLD of water.

The sciences of industrial ecology, complex systems, and adaptive management are intimately related, since they deal with flows and dynamic interdependencies between system elements of various kinds. As such, the tool kit of complex systems science could enrich our understanding of how industrial ecosystems might evolve over time.