This report offers a new approach to facilitate the implementation and improve the effectiveness of climate action, with the first broad diagnosis of misalignments between overall policy and regulatory frameworks and climate goals. It identifies a number of opportunities for realigning policies to enable an efficient and cost-effective shift to a low-carbon economy. As countries move towards finalising their contributions for the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21), identifying and addressing key misalignments in each country could help governments be more ambitious, while also achieving other political and economic goals.