Theory of Change (ToC) has become a common buzzword in climate adaptation circles in recent years. As a growing number of donors and financing entities require theories of change it can feel like yet another hoop to jump through, especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) where resources are limited and staff are often over-stretched.

Some of the greatest challenges for Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) practice relate to the connected themes agriculture, food security, and rural livelihoods. Asia is home to 87% of the world’s 500 million smallholder farms (Thapa and Ghaiha 2011), for whom the risks posed by climate change are significant and urgent.

This report represents a synthesis and summary of frameworks for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of climate change adaptation and resilience (CCAR) interventions, with a specific focus on international development projects and programmes.

This report represents a synthesis and summary of frameworks for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of climate change adaptation (CCA) interventions, with a specific focus on international development projects and programs.