The human disease Japanese encephalitis (JE) can be prevented by vaccination, although it is not entirely clear if the emerging JEV G5 genotype can be controlled using the vaccine based on the G3 genotype. Consequently, we systematically compared G3 and G5 cross-neutralizing immune responses in vaccinated humans and, separately, cross-protective immune responses in mice using the current G3 JE vaccine to induce the immunity.

Malaria infection poses a serious public health problem in endemic countries. As per World Malaria Report 2015, it is estimated that 3.2 billion people in 97 countries are at risk of being infected with malaria; 214 million cases of malaria with 4,38,000 malaria induced deaths are reported during the year . Clinical consequences of malaria result primarily from parasitic invasion of red blood cells (RBCs). Inside the RBCs, the parasite metabolizes the host haemoglobin in the acidic environment of the parasite’s food vacuole.

The WHO recommends complete withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) type 2 by April 2016 globally and replacing with at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). However, high-cost, limited supply of IPV, persistent circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses transmission and need for subsequent boosters remain unresolved. To meet this critical need, a novel strategy of a low-cost cold chain-free plant-made viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit oral booster vaccine after single IPV dose is reported. Codon optimization of the VP1 gene enhanced expression by 50-fold in chloroplasts.