By 2050, humanity could devour an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year – three times its current appetite – unless the economic growth rate is “decoupled” from the rate of natural resource consumption, warns a report from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Many studies have been published to evaluate the consequences of different post-2012 emission allocation regimes on regional mitigation costs. This paper goes one step further and evaluates not only mitigation costs, but also adaptation costs and climate change damages.

Stringent global greenhouse gas emission reductions by all sectors and all countries will be necessary to keep global average temperature increase below 2

The dramatic projected rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Asian [and wider] cities poses a major challenge for the world. Population growth, increased urbanisation, the rise of
megacities, increased average incomes and consumption mean that travel demand is rising rapidly. The supply of transport funding and infrastructure to meet these challenges lags behind